Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
St. James University Hospital, Leeds, UK

Orbital diseases

Orbital diseases

Thyroid Eye Diseases

Overview: What is thyroid eye disease? Abnormal activity of the thyroid gland in the neck (be it over- or under-action), may lead to inflammation in the delicate tissues within the orbit (the eye socket). This inflammation is a form of immune ‘auto-reactivity’, but the exact factors which…

Eye protrusion

Exophthalmos is a Greek word that means bulging or protruding eyeballs. Proptosis is also a term that describes bulging eyeballs, although it is often used when only one eyeball protrudes. Depending on what is causing exophthalmos, as well as bulging eyes, you may also have a number of other…

Orbital tumours

The orbit is an anatomically complex structure containing the globe, extraocular muscles, fat, and vascular, nerve, glandular, and connective tissues. The orbit in the broadest sense describes the cavity containing structures essential for ocular function and the bony architecture that encases…

Enucleation & Evisceration

Overview: Removal of an eye (an enucleation), or the inside of an eye (an evisceration), may be necessary for a variety of reasons. Regardless of the underlying disorder, and whether the eye sees or not, the decision to have an eye removed can be difficult and emotionally demanding.…

Anophthalmic socket

Definition The absence of the globe and ocular tissue from the orbit. Aetiology The majority of cases of anophthalmos are seen following evisceration or enucleation. Congenital anophthalmos is rare and due to the arrest of embryogenesis during formation of the optic vesicle. A genetic,…

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